I pray thee, shepherd, if that love or gold,
Can in this desert place buy entertainment,
Bring us where we may rest ourselves and feed.
--As you like it.
Much was said and written, at the time, concerning the policy of
adding the vast regions of Louisiana, to the already immense and but
half-tenanted territories of the United States. As the warmth of
controversy however subsided, and party considerations gave place to
more liberal views, the wisdom of the measure began to be generally
conceded. It soon became apparent to the meanest capacity, that, while
nature had placed a barrier of desert to the extension of our
population in the west, the measure had made us the masters of a belt
of fertile country, which, in the revolutions of the day, might have
become the property of a rival nation. It gave us the sole command of
the great thoroughfare of the interior, and placed the countless
tribes of savages, who lay along our borders, entirely within our
control; it reconciled conflicting rights, and quieted national
distrusts; it opened a thousand avenues to the inland trade, and to
the waters of the Pacific; and, if ever time or necessity shall
require a peaceful division of this vast empire, it assures us of a
neighbour that will possess our language, our religion, our
institutions, and it is also to be hoped, our sense of political
justice.
Although the purchase was made in 1803, the spring of the succeeding
year was permitted to open, before the official prudence of the
Spaniard, who held the province for his European master, admitted the
authority, or even of the entrance of its new proprietors. But the
forms of the transfer were no sooner completed, and the new government
acknowledged, than swarms of that restless people, which is ever found
hovering on the skirts of American society, plunged into the thickets
that fringed the right bank of the Mississippi, with the same careless
hardihood, as had already sustained so many of them in their toilsome
progress from the Atlantic states, to the eastern shores of the
"father of rivers."[*]
[*] The Mississippi is thus termed in several of the Indian languages.
The reader will gain a more just idea of the importance of this
stream, if he recalls to mind the fact, that the Missouri and the
Mississippi are properly the same river. Their united lengths
cannot be greatly short of four thousand miles.
Time was necessary to blend the numerous and affluent colonists of the
lower province with their new compatriots; but the thinner and more
humble population above, was almost immediately swallowed in the
vortex which attended the tide of instant emigration. The inroad from
the east was a new and sudden out-breaking of a people, who had
endured a momentary restraint, after having been rendered nearly
resistless by success. The toils and hazards of former undertakings
were forgotten, as these endless and unexplored regions, with all
their fancied as well as real advantages, were laid open to their
enterprise. The consequences were such as might easily have been
anticipated, from so tempting an offering, placed, as it was, before
the eyes of a race long trained in adventure and nurtured in
difficulties.
Thousands of the elders, of what were then called the New States[*],
broke up from the enjoyment of their hard-earned indulgences, and were
to be seen leading long files of descendants, born and reared in the
forests of Ohio and Kentucky, deeper into the land, in quest of that
which might be termed, without the aid of poetry, their natural and
more congenial atmosphere. The distinguished and resolute forester who
first penetrated the wilds of the latter state, was of the number.
This adventurous and venerable patriarch was now seen making his last
remove; placing the "endless river" between him and the multitude his
own success had drawn around him, and seeking for the renewal of
enjoyments which were rendered worthless in his eyes, when trammelled
by the forms of human institutions.[+]
[*] All the states admitted to the American Union, since the
revolution, are called New States, with the exception of Vermont:
that had claims before the war; which were not, however, admitted
until a later day.
[+] Colonel Boon, the patriarch of Kentucky. This venerable and hardy
pioneer of civilisation emigrated to an estate three hundred miles
west of the Mississippi, in his ninety-second year, because he
found a population of ten to the square mile, inconveniently
crowded!
In the pursuit of adventures such as these, men are ordinarily
governed by their habits or deluded by their wishes. A few, led by the
phantoms of hope, and ambitious of sudden affluence, sought the mines
of the virgin territory; but by far the greater portion of the
emigrants were satisfied to establish themselves along the margins of
the larger water-courses, content with the rich returns that the
generous, alluvial, bottoms of the rivers never fail to bestow on the
most desultory industry. In this manner were communities formed with
magical rapidity; and most of those who witnessed the purchase of the
empty empire, have lived to see already a populous and sovereign
state, parcelled from its inhabitants, and received into the bosom of
the national Union, on terms of political equality.
The incidents and scenes which are connected with this legend,
occurred in the earliest periods of the enterprises which have led to
so great and so speedy a result.
The harvest of the first year of our possession had long been passed,
and the fading foliage of a few scattered trees was already beginning
to exhibit the hues and tints of autumn, when a train of wagons issued
from the bed of a dry rivulet, to pursue its course across the
undulating surface, of what, in the language of the country of which
we write, is called a "rolling prairie." The vehicles, loaded with
household goods and implements of husbandry, the few straggling sheep
and cattle that were herded in the rear, and the rugged appearance and
careless mien of the sturdy men who loitered at the sides of the
lingering teams, united to announce a band of emigrants seeking for
the Elderado of the West. Contrary to the usual practice of the men of
their caste, this party had left the fertile bottoms of the low
country, and had found its way, by means only known to such
adventurers, across glen and torrent, over deep morasses and arid
wastes, to a point far beyond the usual limits of civilised
habitations. In their front were stretched those broad plains, which
extend, with so little diversity of character, to the bases of the
Rocky Mountains; and many long and dreary miles in their rear, foamed
the swift and turbid waters of La Platte.
The appearance of such a train, in that bleak and solitary place, was
rendered the more remarkable by the fact, that the surrounding country
offered so little, that was tempting to the cupidity of speculation,
and, if possible, still less that was flattering to the hopes of an
ordinary settler of new lands.
The meagre herbage of the prairie, promised nothing, in favour of a
hard and unyielding soil, over which the wheels of the vehicles
rattled as lightly as if they travelled on a beaten road; neither
wagons nor beasts making any deeper impression, than to mark that
bruised and withered grass, which the cattle plucked, from time to
time, and as often rejected, as food too sour, for even hunger to
render palatable.
Whatever might be the final destination of these adventurers, or the
secret causes of their apparent security in so remote and unprotected
a situation, there was no visible sign of uneasiness, uncertainty, or
alarm, among them. Including both sexes, and every age, the number of
the party exceeded twenty.
At some little distance in front of the whole, marched the individual,
who, by his position and air, appeared to be the leader of the band.
He was a tall, sun-burnt, man, past the middle age, of a dull
countenance and listless manner. His frame appeared loose and
flexible; but it was vast, and in reality of prodigious power. It was,
only at moments, however, as some slight impediment opposed itself to
his loitering progress, that his person, which, in its ordinary gait
seemed so lounging and nerveless, displayed any of those energies,
which lay latent in his system, like the slumbering and unwieldy, but
terrible, strength of the elephant. The inferior lineaments of his
countenance were coarse, extended and vacant; while the superior, or
those nobler parts which are thought to affect the intellectual being,
were low, receding and mean.
The dress of this individual was a mixture of the coarsest vestments
of a husbandman with the leathern garments, that fashion as well as
use, had in some degree rendered necessary to one engaged in his
present pursuits. There was, however, a singular and wild display of
prodigal and ill judged ornaments, blended with his motley attire. In
place of the usual deer-skin belt, he wore around his body a tarnished
silken sash of the most gaudy colours; the buck-horn haft of his knife
was profusely decorated with plates of silver; the marten's fur of his
cap was of a fineness and shadowing that a queen might covet; the
buttons of his rude and soiled blanket-coat were of the glittering
coinage of Mexico; the stock of his rifle was of beautiful mahogany,
riveted and banded with the same precious metal, and the trinkets of
no less than three worthless watches dangled from different parts of
his person. In addition to the pack and the rifle which were slung at
his back, together with the well filled, and carefully guarded pouch
and horn, he had carelessly cast a keen and bright wood-axe across his
shoulder, sustaining the weight of the whole with as much apparent
ease, as if he moved, unfettered in limb, and free from incumbrance.
A short distance in the rear of this man, came a group of youths very
similarly attired, and bearing sufficient resemblance to each other,
and to their leader, to distinguish them as the children of one
family. Though the youngest of their number could not much have passed
the period, that, in the nicer judgment of the law, is called the age
of discretion, he had proved himself so far worthy of his progenitors
as to have reared already his aspiring person to the standard height
of his race. There were one or two others, of different mould, whose
descriptions must however be referred to the regular course of the
narrative.
Of the females, there were but two who had arrived at womanhood;
though several white-headed, olive-skinned faces were peering out of
the foremost wagon of the train, with eyes of lively curiosity and
characteristic animation. The elder of the two adults, was the sallow
and wrinkled mother of most of the party, and the younger was a
sprightly, active, girl, of eighteen, who in figure, dress, and mien,
seemed to belong to a station in society several gradations above that
of any one of her visible associates. The second vehicle was covered
with a top of cloth so tightly drawn, as to conceal its contents, with
the nicest care. The remaining wagons were loaded with such rude
furniture and other personal effects, as might be supposed to belong
to one, ready at any moment to change his abode, without reference to
season or distance.
Perhaps there was little in this train, or in the appearance of its
proprietors, that is not daily to be encountered on the highways of
this changeable and moving country. But the solitary and peculiar
scenery, in which it was so unexpectedly exhibited, gave to the party
a marked character of wildness and adventure.
In the little valleys, which, in the regular formation of the land,
occurred at every mile of their progress, the view was bounded, on two
of the sides, by the gradual and low elevations, which gave name to
the description of prairie we have mentioned; while on the others, the
meagre prospect ran off in long, narrow, barren perspectives, but
slightly relieved by a pitiful show of coarse, though somewhat
luxuriant vegetation. From the summits of the swells, the eye became
fatigued with the sameness and chilling dreariness of the landscape.
The earth was not unlike the Ocean, when its restless waters are
heaving heavily, after the agitation and fury of the tempest have
begun to lessen. There was the same waving and regular surface, the
same absence of foreign objects, and the same boundless extent to the
view. Indeed so very striking was the resemblance between the water
and the land, that, however much the geologist might sneer at so
simple a theory, it would have been difficult for a poet not to have
felt, that the formation of the one had been produced by the subsiding
dominion of the other. Here and there a tall tree rose out of the
bottoms, stretching its naked branches abroad, like some solitary
vessel; and, to strengthen the delusion, far in the distance, appeared
two or three rounded thickets, looming in the misty horizon like
islands resting on the waters. It is unnecessary to warn the practised
reader, that the sameness of the surface, and the low stands of the
spectators, exaggerated the distances; but, as swell appeared after
swell, and island succeeded island, there was a disheartening
assurance that long, and seemingly interminable, tracts of territory
must be passed, before the wishes of the humblest agriculturist could
be realised.
Still, the leader of the emigrants steadily pursued his way, with no
other guide than the sun, turning his back resolutely on the abodes of
civilisation, and plunging, at each step, more deeply if not
irretrievably, into the haunts of the barbarous and savage occupants
of the country. As the day drew nigher to a close, however, his mind,
which was, perhaps, incapable of maturing any connected system of
forethought, beyond that which related to the interests of the present
moment, became, in some slight degree, troubled with the care of
providing for the wants of the hours of darkness.
On reaching the crest of a swell that was a little higher than the
usual elevations, he lingered a minute, and cast a half curious eye,
on either hand, in quest of those well known signs, which might
indicate a place, where the three grand requisites of water, fuel and
fodder were to be obtained in conjunction.
It would seem that his search was fruitless; for after a few moments
of indolent and listless examination, he suffered his huge frame to
descend the gentle declivity, in the same sluggish manner that an over
fatted beast would have yielded to the downward pressure.
His example was silently followed by those who succeeded him, though
not until the young men had manifested much more of interest, if not
of concern in the brief enquiry, which each, in his turn, made on
gaining the same look-out. It was now evident, by the tardy movements
both of beasts and men, that the time of necessary rest was not far
distant. The matted grass of the lower land, presented obstacles which
fatigue began to render formidable, and the whip was becoming
necessary to urge the lingering teams to their labour. At this moment,
when, with the exception of the principal individual, a general
lassitude was getting the mastery of the travellers, and every eye was
cast, by a sort of common impulse, wistfully forward, the whole party
was brought to a halt, by a spectacle, as sudden as it was unexpected.
The sun had fallen below the crest of the nearest wave of the prairie,
leaving the usual rich and glowing train on its track. In the centre
of this flood of fiery light, a human form appeared, drawn against the
gilded background, as distinctly, and seemingly as palpable, as though
it would come within the grasp of any extended hand. The figure was
colossal; the attitude musing and melancholy, and the situation
directly in the route of the travellers. But imbedded, as it was, in
its setting of garish light, it was impossible to distinguish its just
proportions or true character.
The effect of such a spectacle was instantaneous and powerful. The man
in front of the emigrants came to a stand, and remained gazing at the
mysterious object, with a dull interest, that soon quickened into
superstitious awe. His sons, so soon as the first emotions of surprise
had a little abated, drew slowly around him, and, as they who governed
the teams gradually followed their example, the whole party was soon
condensed in one, silent, and wondering group. Notwithstanding the
impression of a supernatural agency was very general among the
travellers, the ticking of gun-locks was heard, and one or two of the
bolder youths cast their rifles forward, in readiness for service.
"Send the boys off to the right," exclaimed the resolute wife and
mother, in a sharp, dissonant voice; "I warrant me, Asa, or Abner will
give some account of the creature!"
"It may be well enough, to try the rifle," muttered a dull looking
man, whose features, both in outline and expression, bore no small
resemblance to the first speaker, and who loosened the stock of his
piece and brought it dexterously to the front, while delivering this
opinion; "the Pawnee Loups are said to be hunting by hundreds in the
plains; if so, they'll never miss a single man from their tribe."
"Stay!" exclaimed a soft toned, but alarmed female voice, which was
easily to be traced to the trembling lips of the younger of the two
women; "we are not altogether; it may be a friend!"
"Who is scouting, now?" demanded the father, scanning, at the same
time, the cluster of his stout sons, with a displeased and sullen eye.
"Put by the piece, put by the piece;" he continued, diverting the
other's aim, with the finger of a giant, and with the air of one it
might be dangerous to deny. "My job is not yet ended; let us finish
the little that remains, in peace."
The man, who had manifested so hostile an intention, appeared to
understand the other's allusion, and suffered himself to be diverted
from his object. The sons turned their inquiring looks on the girl,
who had so eagerly spoken, to require an explanation; but, as if
content with the respite she had obtained for the stranger, she sunk
back, in her seat, and chose to affect a maidenly silence.
In the mean time, the hues of the heavens had often changed. In place
of the brightness, which had dazzled the eye, a gray and more sober
light had succeeded, and as the setting lost its brilliancy, the
proportions of the fanciful form became less exaggerated, and finally
distinct. Ashamed to hesitate, now that the truth was no longer
doubtful, the leader of the party resumed his journey, using the
precaution, as he ascended the slight acclivity, to release his own
rifle from the strap, and to cast it into a situation more convenient
for sudden use.
There was little apparent necessity, however, for such watchfulness.
From the moment when it had thus unaccountably appeared, as it were,
between the heavens and the earth, the stranger's figure had neither
moved nor given the smallest evidence of hostility. Had he harboured
any such evil intention, the individual who now came plainly into
view, seemed but little qualified to execute them.
A frame that had endured the hardships of more than eighty seasons,
was not qualified to awaken apprehension, in the breast of one as
powerful as the emigrant. Notwithstanding his years, and his look of
emaciation, if not of suffering, there was that about this solitary
being, however, which said that time, and not disease, had laid his
hand heavily on him. His form had withered, but it was not wasted. The
sinews and muscles, which had once denoted great strength, though
shrunken, were still visible; and his whole figure had attained an
appearance of induration, which, if it were not for the well known
frailty of humanity, would have seemed to bid defiance to the further
approaches of decay. His dress was chiefly of skins, worn with the
hair to the weather; a pouch and horn were suspended from his
shoulders; and he leaned on a rifle of uncommon length, but which,
like its owner, exhibited the wear of long and hard service.
As the party drew nigher to this solitary being, and came within a
distance to be heard, a low growl issued from the grass at his feet,
and then, a tall, gaunt, toothless, hound, arose lazily from his lair,
and shaking himself, made some show of resisting the nearer approach
of the travellers.
"Down, Hector, down," said his master, in a voice, that was a little
tremulous and hollow with age. "What have ye to do, pup, with men who
journey on their lawful callings?"
"Stranger, if you ar' much acquainted in this country," said the
leader of the emigrants, "can you tell a traveller where he may find
necessaries for the night?"
"Is the land filled on the other side of the Big River?" demanded the
old man, solemnly, and without appearing to hearken to the other's
question; "or why do I see a sight, I had never thought to behold
again?"
"Why, there is country left, it is true, for such as have money, and
ar' not particular in the choice," returned the emigrant; "but to my
taste, it is getting crowdy. What may a man call the distance, from
this place to the nighest point on the main river?"
"A hunted deer could not cool his sides, in the Mississippi, without
travelling a weary five hundred miles."
"And what may you name the district, hereaway?"
"By what name," returned the old man, pointing significantly upward,
"would you call the spot, where you see yonder cloud?"
The emigrant looked at the other, like one who did not comprehend his
meaning, and who half suspected he was trifled with, but he contented
himself by saying--
"You ar' but a new inhabitant, like myself, I reckon, stranger,
otherwise you would not be backward in helping a traveller to some
advice; words cost but little, and sometimes lead to friendships."
"Advice is not a gift, but a debt that the old owe to the young. What
would you wish to know?"
"Where I may camp for the night. I'm no great difficulty maker, as to
bed and board; but, all old journeyers, like myself, know the virtue
of sweet water, and a good browse for the cattle."
"Come then with me, and you shall be master of both; and little more
is it that I can offer on this hungry prairie."
As the old man was speaking, he raised his heavy rifle to his
shoulder, with a facility a little remarkable for his years and
appearance, and without further words led the way over the acclivity
to the adjacent bottom.